Were non-avian dinosaurs ectotherms (cold-) or
endotherms (warm-blooded)? <predator/prey, length cubed, insulation>
Hammer and his colleagues say they can clearly make out the aorta and two ventricles
in the X-rays [of “Willo”]. —Tina Hesman, reporting for Science News, April 22, 2000.1
Comments:
Really, it’s a stunner. —Dale. A. Russell
In the old days, this would have just been a hard rock in the way, and I would
have destroyed it. —Michael (Mike) Hammer.
We may have been throwing away the best parts. —Michael K. Stoskopf
The surprise would be that all non-avian dinosaurs were cold-blooded. Reptiles today are all coldblooded
but, as Robert T. (Bob) Bakker has vigorously argued, some dinosaurs have features that
suggest warm-bloodedness or evident lifestyles that do. Some dinosaurs ranged into, or dwelt in,
Pangea’s polar latitudes.2 Small (presumed) dinosaurs early evolved
into flying reptiles (order Pterosaursia), some with “hair” (insulating
protofeathers), and some dinosaurs (infraorder Ceolosaura) had
insulating true-feathers as have warm-blooded birds (class Aves).3
At rest, a warm-blooded (endothermic, homeothermic) animal by
its metabolism maintains a body temperature that is constant and
slightly higher than the maximum environmental temperature. It
cannot tolerate environmental temperatures, even marginally, above
its body temperature for long and will seek relief (inactivity, shade
or a burrow, pant or sweat). When environmental temperatures are
much below its body temperature, a warm-blooded animal has thick
fat or fur or both, or feathers, to insulate its body from rapid heat loss
and hypothermia (core body temperature too cold for normal
muscular and cerebral functions). Shivering can generate body heat.
At rest, a cold-blooded (ectothermic, poikilothermic) animal has a body temperature that is
marginally higher than the environmental temperature. As this, on a hot day in the sun, can exceed
that which warm-blooded animals tolerate, cold-blooded is a misnomer. At the another extreme, some
cold-blooded animals (Jack Layne, mentions six North American frog species, one European lizard,
and a handful of North American turtles)4 can freeze and, when thawed, live on.
As long ago as 1866, Harry Seeley, a young paleontologist known to Huxley, proposed that
Pterosaurs likely were “hot blooded.” Huxley, having noticed bird-like ilia in William Buckland’s
rhinocerine reconstructions of dinosaurs, was permitted in 1867 by John Phillips, their Oxford
curator, to reassemble hadrosaurs as bipedal (as Joseph Leidy had proposed in 1858 for his American
finds). These dinosaurs with chests housing “bird-like heart and lungs,” he suggested were warm
blooded. However, skin impressions of mummified hadrosaurs since found show no sign of feathers
or fur, insulating features that if present would corroborate warm-bloodedness (Figure h15.1).
In the 1980s,5 Armand de Ricqles made the case that the obligate bipedalism (for example, T rex’s
puny arms ruled out it going four footed) of some dinosaurs required a high metabolism for them to
sustain their stance while standing still. Also, the giant brontosaur quadrapeds, as is known from the
trackways they left, kept their tails off the ground (although, in the main tracksite at Dinosaur Valley
State Park, Texas, a lone possible tail drag-impression is seen overprinted at one point by the three
toed track of a following predator), and there is no evidence that they slumped when not walking.
Bones develop from soft cartilage that is replaced by the mineral apatite (calcium phosphate). Bone,
as in the human thighbone (femur) is either, as in the shaft, a solid shell (thickness from two to eight too much isnt it